In talking with school bus fleet managers, transportation directors and mechanics about how they’re going to meet the tough new EPA air quality standards in 2010, we’ve heard a lot of questions.

They’re doing the research now to be sure they understand the new technology and the products, tools and procedures they’ll need when 2010 rolls around. With day-by-day responsibility for the schoolchildren of America, we understand their interest, and we applaud their diligence.

Some manufacturers, like Thomas Built Buses and its engine partner, Cummins Inc., will meet the 2010 emissions standards by incorporating selective catalytic reduction (SCR). SCR not only reduces nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions to near-zero, but according to testing by Cummins, it has a 5- to 9-percent fuel economy advantage compared to an in-line cylinder exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology.

SCR background
A well-known and proven technology, SCR has a more than 50-year history and record of success in power generation applications, which may be why it will be the mainstream emission reduction technology used in 90 percent of all North American 2010- compliant on-highway commercial vehicles. SCR reduces tailpipe emissions by treating the exhaust stream with a spray of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF).

At Colonial Chemical Company, we’ve been providing DEF (an aqueous solution of 32.5 percent urea and 67.5 percent de-ionized water) since 2006. The DEF reacts with the NOx to form harmless nitrogen and water before vehicle emissions are released into the environment. DEF is nontoxic, biodegradable and nonflammable.

DEF is not expensive. At this time, in bulk quantities, it’s about $2.25 per gallon, and, in smaller package sizes, $3 to $6 per gallon. Prices are expected to continue to decrease as demand and usage increase in the future.

Sizes and storage
The product is packaged in sizes from 1- and 2.5-gallon bottles to 5-, 15-, and 55-gallon drums to 275-gallon totes, and it is available in bulk for storage tanks.

As with most shop fluids, DEF totes and drums should be stored out of extreme heat and direct sunlight in your shop storage facility or other insulated shelter on the property. At storage temperatures between 20 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit, the shelf life for DEF will be a year or more.

Extreme cold and freezing have no adverse effect on DEF. Even if the fluid is frozen in a bus tank, drivers will be able to start and run the bus. At the other end of the temperature spectrum, if the DEF temperature is steady at 122 F, it will still be usable for up to a month. It is rare that any environment would cause the fluid to maintain such a high temperature for such a long time. At a constant 88 F, DEF has at least a six-month shelf life.

DEF is available today and will be broadly available by the end of this year. Most commercial vehicle dealers stock it, and in many cases fleet managers will find they can order DEF from their current suppliers. For the larger drums and totes, we recommend a dedicated pumping or dispensing system to avoid contaminating the DEF with oil, antifreeze, any other fluid or dirt.

How much you’ll need
Because we know there are a lot of questions about DEF, we’ve profiled four typical fleets to give SCHOOL BUS FLEET readers some real-life examples. We calculated the approximate amount of DEF each will need, given their current fleet size, taking into consideration average mileage, maintenance and any special conditions.

Here’s how we calculated the estimated amount of DEF each fleet will use:

• number of buses with SCR systems

• multiplied by the average annual mileage per bus

• divided by average miles per gallon

• multiplied by 2 percent (DEF per gallon of diesel)

• equals estimated amount of DEF consumed per year

  At roughly 300 miles to the gallon of DEF, Thomas buses typically will be able to travel between 3,000 and 4,000 miles on one tank of DEF. In most cases, that means just three or four DEF refills per year will be needed. The purchase recommendations below consider the DEF tank size, usage and number of fill-ups projected, and they are designed to keep fluid inventory low but in stock.

  Based on conversations with real fleet managers, in most cases DEF fill-ups will be part of the regular maintenance at each shop as buses are inspected by technicians every one, two or three months. For the buses that have longer intervals between maintenance checkups, one recommendation is driver fueling. For fleets that get fuel from a cardlock, DEF likely will be available at those facilities.

  The four operators shown here are typical in that each has different requirements. It may be extreme weather conditions, a small fleet or a large one, or individual shop capabilities. Their needs will change as the fleet of new buses with the SCR systems grows over time.

  Bottom line: DEF isn’t toxic. It’s not hard to handle. It’s not expensive. And most school bus operations will only need to add it a few times a year along with other shop fluids, so this will become another item on the inspection or maintenance list.

  Jim Spooner is vice president and general manager of Colonial Chemical Company. He is one of the foremost authorities in diesel exhaust fluid production. He has worked actively in the field of urea chemistry for five years and is a member of the Society of American Engineers’ (SAE) aftertreatment standards committee, the Auto-Alliance SCR stakeholders group and the Heavy Duty stakeholders group.

  New Jersey-based Colonial Chemical Company has been managing chemicals and processes since 1970. In addition to a state-of-the-art urea supply system, Colonial Chemical offers full-range custom chemical blending, packing and distribution services of inorganic chemicals, mineral acids, bases and oxidizers. For more information, visit www.colonial-chemical.com.

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  Butler Bus Service
  St. Johnsbury, Vt.

  
  Buses in fleet: 61
  Yearly bus purchase: 5
  Type of buses: Saf-T-Liner C2
  Gallons in DEF tank: 11
  Miles per year per bus: 9,500
  Mileage per gallon: 8.5
  Maintenance*: by staff on-site at two shops every three months
  Conditions: bad weather and bad roads; winter ice and spring mud
  Year 1 DEF consumption: 112 gallons
  Recommended Year 1 DEF purchase: three 55-gallon drums
  Year 5 DEF consumption: 559 gallons
  Recommended Year 5 DEF purchase: three 275-gallon totes

  Caston School Corp.
  Fulton, Ind.

  
  Buses in fleet: 19
  Yearly bus purchase: 1
  Type of buses: Saf-T-Liner C2
  Gallons in DEF tank: 11
  Miles per year per bus: 10,000
  Mileage per gallon: 8.5
  Maintenance: regular maintenance once a month by staff on-site
  Conditions: cold, snowy winters
  Year 1 DEF consumption: 24 gallons
  Recommended Year 1 DEF purchase: three 15-gallon drums
  Year 5 DEF consumption: 118 gallons
  Recommended Year 5 DEF purchase: three 55-gallon drums

  Clark County School District
  Las Vegas

  
  Buses in fleet: 1,500
  Yearly bus purchase: 100
  Type of buses: Saf-T-Liner HDX
  Gallons in DEF tank: 13
  Miles per year per bus: 19,000
  Mileage per gallon: 6.5
  Maintenance**: on-site by staff; safety and lube every 4,000 miles, oil change every 12,000
  Fueling: by staff in bus yard
  Conditions: very dusty and sandy; high desert, extreme heat
  Year 1 DEF consumption: 5,847 gallons
  Recommended Year 1 DEF purchase: 5,000-gallon tank installed, filled twice
  Year 5 DEF consumption: 23,385 gallons
  Recommended Year 5 DEF purchase: five or six tank fills

  Golden Arrow
  Edmonton, Alberta

  
  Buses in fleet: 402
  Yearly bus purchase: 7
  Type of buses: Saf-T-Liner C2
  Gallons in DEF tank: 11
  Miles per year per bus: 11,000
  Mileage per gallon: 8
  Maintenance*: by staff on-site at three facilities monthly
  Conditions: extreme cold and snow six months a year
  Year 1 DEF consumption: 193 gallons
  Recommended Year 1 DEF purchase: five 55-gallon drums
  Year 5 DEF consumption: 578 gallons
  Recommended Year 5 DEF purchase: three 275-gallon totes

  *Butler and Golden Arrow plan to maintain 2010 buses at one facility the first few years of operation.
  **Buses will need to be filled approximately every 3,300 miles. Installed DEF storage tank allows for driver fueling in the yard and will not disrupt established maintenance schedule.