In the case of emergency, students must evacuate a school bus as quickly and efficiently as possible. When a student is disabled, this can present challenges.

Previously, we've discussed cerebral palsy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and spinal muscular atrophy, and the implications for evacuating students with these conditions from a school bus.

This article will cover spina bifida and spinal cord injuries.

Specifics of Spina Bifida

Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves incomplete development of the spinal cord. There are several forms of spina bifida — the most significant is called myelomeningocele. Hector, pictured to the left, was born with myelomeningocele. 

The meninges (membranes) responsible for covering and protecting the brain and spinal cord are pushed through the defect in the back, along with part of the spinal cord. As a result of myelomeningocele, the child will typically have paralysis and no sensations or feeling in his or her lower extremities.

Children with spina bifida often have problems with bowel and bladder control. Babies with myelomeningocele will have surgery within the first one to two days after birth. During surgery, doctors push the meninges back into the body and close the defect to prevent infection and protect the spine.

Another complication of spina bifida is hydrocephalus, which consists of excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.

Spina bifida is one of the most common birth defects in the U.S. The average incidence is 0.7 per 1,000 childbirths. It has been found that a lack of folic acid is a contributing factor in the cause of neural tube defects (developing the brain and spinal cord). Adding folate to the mother's diet can reduce the incidence of neural tube defects by about 70 percent. It is unknown why folic acid has this effect.

Spinal Cord Injuries

In the U.S., The National Institutes of Health reports that approximately 17,000 new cases of spinal cord injuries are reported each year, and roughly 282,000 persons are estimated to be living with spinal cord injuries.

Melvin, pictured on the right, was skateboarding by a swimming pool. He misjudged one of his jumps and came down on the edge of the swimming pool, fracturing his spine at the C4 level.

Melvin has a spinal cord injury that can also occur in a diving accident, a car accident, a fall or a gunshot wound.

In Melvin's case, his injury is considered a complete spinal cord injury. He is totally paralyzed — he has no feeling or sensation in his extremities and has no bowel and bladder control.

Implications for an emergency evacuation

Whether a student has spina bifida or a spinal cord injury, they have no movement or feelings or sensations in their lower extremities from the point of injury/defect. Therefore, the implications for emergency evacuation apply to both defects and injuries. Keep the following in mind:

• Students' expensive equipment should be retrieved only when students are out of harm's way, and when time permits and there are no safety risks present for bus staff. The equipment may be critical for the student's ability to function, but it can always be replaced. A student's or a staff member's life cannot.

• Provide special care when lifting and dragging students on an emergency evacuation device. Be especially aware of the position of their legs as the student is dragged out of the bus. They won't be able to tell anyone if their legs get caught on seat legs or other objects in the bus.

• Many of these students will know what is going on around them, but they cannot move independently. Be aware of the fear and anxiety these students will have during an evacuation. Constantly reassure them that everything will be OK.

• Many students with spina bifida or a spinal cord injury use a sport-type mobility device to maneuver around school. On the school bus, these students must be transferred from their mobility device to the bus seat.

• Have a well thought out plan to evacuate these students. Depending on the level of paralysis, many of these students will be able to lower themselves from the bus seat to the floor. These students may then be able to scoot to the back of the bus; others will need to be transferred from the bus seat onto an emergency evacuation device and dragged out of the bus.

Remember, once they're out of the bus, these students will need their mobility device to be able to move around. However, their mobility equipment should be evacuated only if time and safety permits.

• Students with a severe spinal cord injury may need the use of a sophisticated motorized wheelchair. Although this wheelchair will cost thousands of dollars, the life of the student is most important. The staff must know how to move all of the tubes out of the way to lift the student out of the wheelchair and down to the emergency evacuation device.

If the student is on a ventilator, then a nurse and the bus staff must know how to use an Ambubag to maintain the student's respiration.

It is important to recognize that both spina bifida and a spinal cord injury can have a very significant impact on students' lives. Their inability to move themselves means they are totally dependent on the bus staff to evacuate them. That is why a well thought out emergency evacuation plan is critical.

Jean M. Zimmerman is supervisor of occupational and physical therapy for the School District of Palm Beach County (Fla.). She is the author of Evacuating Students With Disabilities, a comprehensive manual and training course written in conjunction with the Pupil Transportation Safety Institute. The program can be purchased at www.ptsi.orgor by calling (800) 836-2210.